13.9  Paediatrics

ICROP [lxxxv]

A Consensus Statement

A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM for the clinical features of ROP:

Defines Zone, Stage, Plus disease, Pre-plus disease and AP-ROP features

Prematurity*, C.o.R.o. 2005. The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity Revisited. Archives of Ophthalmology 123(7) 991-999.

CRYO-ROP [lxxxvi]

Defined threshold disease

Cryotherapy for threshold ROP in BW ≤ 1250g, halves risk of poor structural outcome and reduces poor VA outcome by 1/3, at 1 - 15 years

Threshold = 5 continuous, or total 8 clock hrs, of stage 3 disease in Zone 1, or 2 with plus

Palmer, E.A. 1990. Results of U.S. randomized clinical trial of cryotherapy for ROP (CRYO-ROP). Doc Ophthalmol 74(3) 245-251.

ET-ROP [lxxxvii]

Defined pre-threshold disease Treat high risk (type 1) pre-threshold ROP with laser:

  • Zone 1 any stage with plus
  • Zone 1, Stage 3 without plus
  • Zone 2, Stage 2 - 3 with plus

Observe low risk (type 2) pre-threshold ROP:

  • Zone 1 Stage 1 - 2 without plus
  • Zone 2 Stage 3 without plus

Palmer, E.A. 1990. Results of U.S. randomized clinical trial of cryotherapy for ROP (CRYO-ROP). Doc Ophthalmol 74(3) 245-251.

STOP-ROP [lxxxviii]

Supplemental O2 doesn’t affect progression from pre-threshold to threshold

LIGHT-ROP [lxxxix]

Light exposure doesn’t alter incidence of ROP

BEAT-ROP [xc,xci]

IVB vs. laser for Zone 1 or posterior Zone 2, Stage 3 ROP with plus

IVB resulted in less chance of re-treatment compared with conventional laser treatment for Zone 1, but not posterior Zone 2 disease. Peripheral retinal vascularisation continued after treatment. Study not powered for safety. Significantly better refractive outcomes in eyes treated with IVB after 2.5 years

Geloneck, M.M., Chuang, A.Z., Clark, W.L. et al. 2014. Refractive outcomes following bevacizumab monotherapy compared with conventional laser treatment: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 132(11) 1327-1333.

Mintz-Hittner, H.A., Kennedy, K.A. and Chuang, A.Z. 2011. Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity. N Engl J Med 364(7) 603-615.

MOTAS [xcii]

Monitored Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study

Greatest effect of patching in first few weeks (> 80% effect in first 6 weeks)

Need about 250 hours total, but doesn’t matter how or when (i.e. can “get it over with”)

Refractive correction alone in anisometropic amblyopia (75% improve 2 lines or more, 25% of which resolve fully)

Final VA significantly better in children < 4 years of age (i.e. earlier treatment)

Stewart, C.E., Moseley, M.J., Stephens, D.A. et al. 2004. Treatment dose-response in amblyopia therapy: the Monitored Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study (MOTAS). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(9) 3048-3054.

IATS [xciii]

Unilateral cataract, aphakic 4 weeks to 7 months old

No difference in vision at 4 ½ years between IOL and aphakic group

More complications and more surgeries in IOL group (P < 0.001)

Glaucoma in at least 1/3 of both groups

Leave children < 15 months old aphakic and correct with CL

PEDIG [xciv]

Strabismic and anisometropic or ametropic amblyopia. All given appropriate glasses and time to improve from glasses alone

Moderate Amblyopia (6/12 to 6/24): 3-7 Years Old

  • 6 hours = 2 hours patching
  • Daily = weekend atropine
  • 6 - 12 hours patching = daily atropine
  • Bangerter filters almost as good as 2 hours patching


Severe Amblyopia (6/24-6/120): 3 - 7 Years Old

  • 6 hours patching = fulltime patching
  • Atropine not appropriate as first line
  • (Weekend atropine/2-hour patching can be effective)


Older Children Amblyopia Treatment (Moderate/Severe Only): (7 - 18 Years Old)

  • 7 - 12: Patching 2 - 6hrs/day + Atropine = 53% improve 2 lines or more cf. 25% with optical correction alone
  • 13 - 18: Patching 2 - 6hrs/day = 25% improve 2 lines or more cf. 23%, BUT subgroup of patients with no previous treatment: 47% improve cf. 20%


Recommendations

  • Treat 7 - 12 years with patching + atropine even if previously treated
  • Treat 13 - 18years with patching if no previous treatment
  • Microtropia – patch PTO 2 hours


Prognosis

  • About 50% get to ≥ 6/12
  • More treatment for denser amblyopia
  • Atropine works but more slowly
  • The more you patch, the faster they get better
  • Final vision independent of prescribed hours
  • Younger patients get better more quickly
  • Actual patching hours much lower than prescribed

Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. 2020. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group Publications [online]. Available at: https://public.jaeb.org/pedig/pubs/ [Accessed 8th June 2020].

          

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